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Showing posts with label self esteem. Show all posts
Showing posts with label self esteem. Show all posts

Monday, 21 July 2014

Does Facebook make YOU miserable? Wasting time on the social network is linked to low self-esteem

Next time you're in a bad mood, don’t turn to Facebook to cheer you up.
Research has revealed that the longer you spend procrastinating on the social networking site, the more miserable you will become.
This is because we recognise we're wasting our time on the site, and this lowers our self-esteem.
Researchers from University of Innsbruck in Austria asked 300 English and German Facebook users to take a series of tests. The first asked how much time they had spent on Facebook, and to rate their mood. The second asked some participants to spend 20 minutes on the social network
Researchers from University of Innsbruck in Austria asked 300 English and German Facebook users to take a series of tests. The first asked how much time they had spent on Facebook, and to rate their mood. The second asked some participants to spend 20 minutes on the social network

The research contradicts Facebook’s own controversial study, published last month, which revealed posts on the site can have a positive and negative effect.

LONELY PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO OVERSHARE ON FACEBOOK

Australian researchers from Charles Sturt University in New South Wales, Australia studied the profiles of 608 female Facebook users.
According to the researchers, ‘half (308) were categorised as “connected” and the remaining 308 users were categorised as “lonely”; based on clearly stating this feeling in their latest wall posting.’
The study then monitored the publicly available aspects of the profile to see if there was a relationship between loneliness and self-disclosure.
Half of those who were categorised as lonely were more likely to include more personal information on their accounts.
This ranged from their relationship status to their address and phone number.
One in eight lonely users also listed their favourite book and film
For the more recent experiment, a total of 300 English and German-speaking participants were asked by researchers from the University of Innsbruck to take two tests to see how Facebook affected their mood.
In the first, they were asked how much time they had spent on Facebook that day, before being asked to rate their mood.
The second study asked some of the participants to spend 20 minutes on Facebook doing typical things such as checking their news feed and updating their status.
A second group browsed the web, but did not use social networks, while a third was given no instructions.
All three groups were asked to rate how ‘meaningful’ their overall experience had been.
The findings revealed that in both experiments, people said they felt worse about themselves after using Facebook, because they did not feel it was a good use of their time.
Lead researcher Christina Sagioglou of the University of Innsbruck in Austria said: ‘The meaningfulness actually accounts for the mood effects.
A second group browsed the web, but not social networks, while a third was given no instructions. The findings revealed that all participants said they felt worse about themselves after using Facebook because they did not feel it was a good use of their time
A second group browsed the web, but not social networks, while a third was given no instructions. The findings revealed that all participants said they felt worse about themselves after using Facebook because they did not feel it was a good use of their time

‘It’s not surprising that if you do something you don’t consider very meaningful, you’re not in a good mood afterward.’
Previous studies have found Facebook can make people feel more jealous and lonely.
Australian researchers from Charles Sturt University in New South Wales discovered that female Facebook users who are categorised as lonely are more likely to include more personal information on their accounts.
This ranged from their relationship status, to their address and phone number, while one in eight lonely users also listed their favourite book and film.

Facebook’s own study was heavily criticised when it emerged the company manipulated the news feeds of 700,000 people in 2012 to see what would happen - without telling them first.

Sunday, 2 February 2014

How antidepressants work: Pharmacology of anti-depressants

Antidepressants are the drugs used by psychiatrists for treating patients suffering from symptoms such as low mood, lack of self esteem, lack of interest, lethargy, excessive sadness, self regret, feeling of worthlessness…etc, which are collectively known as ‘depressive symptoms’. There are several antidepressants that have been used to treat these symptoms and although it may not bring about a lasting cure, in most instances it can manage the symptoms giving relief to the patient until they are able to cope with such symptoms on their own.

Commonly used antidepressants

Among the most common antidepressants that are being used, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) are rather common with another category of drugs known as ‘MAO inhibitors’ or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In order to understand how these antidepressants work, it is necessary to understand ‘what is the basis of depression’ among patients who are having symptomatic depressive illness.

The biochemical basis of depression

According to scientists, the reason for clinical depression could largely be due to the diminished levels of neurotransmitters (e.g serotonin and norephinephrin) within the ‘synaptic junctions’ existing between two neurons in the human brain. The neurons are the ones which transmit signals and the neurotransmitters are the chemical substance which carries a message from one neuron to the next. The transmitters are usually located at the end portion of the neuron known as the ‘synapse’. In response to a transmissible signal such as feeling of hunger, happiness, excitement…etc, the transmitters are released into the synaptic junction. It could them stimulate the receptors at the beginning of the next neuron which initiate a signal propagation. Following stimulating the receiving neuron, the neurotransmitters will again be re-absorbed into their original location in a process known as a ‘re-uptake’. As a result, these transmitters will be able to perform the same function over and over again.
In patients with depression, there seems to be an inherent deficiency of these neurotransmitters and therefore the signals may not be propagated effectively.

The basis of antidepressant actions

Thus, the actions of antidepressants would either be to increase the existence of adequate amount of neurotransmitters within the synaptic junction or else to prevent its natural destruction through a substance known as ‘monoamine oxidase’.

Specific actions of antidepressants

Thus, both SSRIs and TCAs will inhibit the re-uptake process and will make available more neurotransmitters within the synaptic junction. However, the MAO inhibitors will act in a different manner and will inhibit the action of Monoamine oxidase thus preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitters thereby increasing its availability for normal signal transmission.
Although this is a simplified explanation of how antidepressants are functioning, it captures the most important aspect necessary in explaining the phenomenon.
Source:  http://pandula77.hubpages.com/hub/How-antidepressants-work-Pharmacology-of-anti-depressants